Brutalism at Randwick Girls High School, Randwick, NSW

Randwick Girls High School was one of the earliest Brutalist buildings designed by the Government Architects Office, NSW Department of Public Works. The Government Architects Office was the state's most enthusiastic ambassador for textured finish concrete.

"Huge Contract for Girls' School Project." Building, Lighting, Engineering, February 1966, p.48.

"Huge Contract for Girls' School Project." Building, Lighting, Engineering, February 1966, p.49.

Brutalism and interior architecture

Brutalism’s elemental appeal

Michael Bogle

The term ‘Brutalism’ or ‘New Brutalism’ was coined in the mid-1950s in the office of British architects Alison and Peter Smithson. The Smithsons claim the expression was invented as an ironic retort to the UK Architectural Review’s journalistic phrase-making with terms such as ‘New Monumentalism’, ‘New Empiricism’ and the like.[1]

Alison and Peter Smithson believed in “… an urbanism in which functionally compatible buildings, like the components of a tea set, would acquire a kind of neutrality and family likeness with the space between them becoming the collective of the spaces that each of the buildings carries with it”.[2] They were certain that architecture could address social and cultural problems and solve them with design.

Writing in the 1950s, Reyner Banham said that “The New Brutalism eludes precise description, while remaining a living force in contemporary British architecture.”[3] With obligatory Le Corbusier references, Banham then offered an outline of Brutalism’s principal design attributes. Drawing on the built examples in 1955, Banham identifies several elements that were to remain constant in later decades, and in particular, four defining characteristics of Brutalist architecture programmes:

1. Formal, axial plans (a formal legibility of plan);

2. An emphasis on basic structure (a clear exhibition of structure);

3. Candidly expressed materials and finishes (materials “as found” or “off-form”);

4. Predominantly concrete, but integrating glass, brick and timber,[4]

Was it different in Australia?

The Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture acknowledges the Smithson’s ethical framework and accepts Banham’s working definition for Australian Brutalist Brutalist work.[5] Marshall Clifton and Tony Brand’s 1961 Hale School Memorial Hall in Perth is cited as one of the Australia’s earliest civic or commercial-scale Brutalist buildings. Although the raw concrete has now been painted, the Memorial Hall has the elements that Banham described in 1955.

The New South Wales approach

When formal Brutalist architecture began to appear in New South Wales in the 1960s, they were expressions of new concrete building methodologies and styles, rather than Smithson-inspired philosophical expressions.[6] In 1968, a spokesperson for the NSW Department of Public Works stated that “The natural finishes of [Brutalist] Hornsby Technical College were selected not because of any fashion for “Brut” concrete, but because years of school and college maintenance has shown the Government Architect the value of upkeep-free materials.”[7] While largely theoretically bereft, a number of singular innovations were introduced by New South Wales architects.

Light

Unlike Britain’s northern hemisphere where natural light is welcomed, Australian sunlight is an important element to control. Examples of innovative New South Wales’ Brutalist light control measures include:

·       the precast ‘sun visors’ of the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board building (McConnel, Smith and Johnson, 1966);

·       the narrow lancet-like windows and partly cantilevered entrance porch roof of the Readers Digest Building (John James and Associates, 1967);

·       the excavated site and deeply recessed horizontal strip windows of the Associated Chambers of Manufactures of Australia building (Enrico Taglietti, 1968);

·       the panoply of  louvres and ‘sun visors’ of the William Balmain Teachers College (now the  UTS campus, Ku-ring-gai) (NSW Government Architect, 1971); and

·       the exaggerated projecting eaves and reductive glazing of the windows of the Dixon Library, University of New England (NSW Government Architect, 1973).

Scale

Brutalist commercial and civic buildings are generally large-scale buildings that consistently use outsized and frankly expressed building elements. Among the earliest Brutalist buildings in New South Wales to candidly express these exaggerated building elements are Goldstein Hall residential college, at the University of NSW (NSW Government Architect, 1965) and Randwick Girls High School (NSW Government Architect, 1966).

The lure of exaggerated scale in civic building continued with the Brutalist-inspired planning by the late Walter Abraham at the Macquarie University campus. The Macquarie University Library (NSW Government Architect, 1967), the original Teaching Block (Stafford, Moore and Farrington, 1967) and the Macquarie University Student Union Building (Ancher, Mortlock, Murray and Woolley, 1970) are notable Brutalist works. Assisted by the load-bearing capabilities of reinforced concrete, these buildings also provided opportunities for monumental interior spaces.

Interior architecture

In many of the New South Wales Brutalist buildings, the interior architecture often include large-scale ceremonial spaces. Design emphasis is often placed on processional entrances and often cavernous, internal reception areas. This interior architecture can be found in many of the Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs (EMTB) buildings including the Warringah Shire Council’s Civic Centre (1973), the High Court (1980) and the National Gallery of Australia (1982), Canberra; the Masonic Centre (Joseland, Gilling and Associates with T.W. Hodgson and Sons, 1978); the Sydney Police Centre (NSW Government Architect, Richard Dinham, design architect,  1978) and other many works.

Landscape

In New South Wales, landscape design features in a number of Brutalist commissions, especially when greenfield sites allowed planning to retain or re-introduce native plantings. Bruce Rickard, Alan Correy, Bruce Mackenzie and others advocated the use of indigenous vegetation in their landscape architecture. Citing only a few designers and landscape commissions, Mackenzie developed the William Balmain Teachers College, Ku-ring-gai programme; Richard Clough developed the Macquarie University scheme; and Harry Howard and Associates was responsible for the initial landscaping of EMTB’s High Court Building and the adjacent National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.[8]

Conclusion

The regional variant of New South Wales Brutalism in commercial-scale building incorporates all of the physical elements of the British Brutalist architecture but makes significant additions to the style and methodology of Brutalism in light control, plan development, interior architecture and landscape.[9] When a thorough history of Australian Brutalism is written, the role of the engineer in the 1950s innovations in concrete such as precast parabolic arches, the brise-soleil, lift-slab construction and the massive scale on-site off-form concrete vaulting and finishes of the Sydney Opera House interiors must be considered as part of its legacy.

Reproduced from Michael Bogle. "Beauty of the Beast." Architecture Bulletin, AIA NSW. March/April 2012, pp.10-11. (Illustrated).

References

Anon. “Technical College.” Constructional Review, March, 1968.

Banham, Reyner. “The New Brutalism.” The Architectural Review, December, 1955, pps.355-361.

Banham, Reyner. The New Brutalism. Ethic or Aesthetic? Architectural Press, 1966.

Bevan, Robert. “A Quandry of Age.” Australian Financial Review, 2 July 2009.

Encyclopaedia of 20^th Century Architecture. R.S. Sennet, editor. Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004, v.1.

Encyclopaedia of Modern Architecture. Gerd Hatje, editor. Thames and Hudson, 1965.

Fletcher Bannister. “The New Humanism.” A History of Architecture. 20^th edition, Architectural Press, RIBA, 1996.

Grose, James. “Is the Australian National Gallery a significant building?” Architecture Bulletin, 3/1985, pps.8-9.

Howard, Harry. “Landscaping of the High Court of Australia and the Australian National Gallery.”  Landscape Australia. 3/82, August, 1982.

Lewis, Miles. 200 Years of Concrete in Australia. Concrete Institute of Australia, 1988.

Oxford Companion to Architecture, Vol.1. Patrick Goode, ed. Oxford University Press, 2009.

Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. J. Fleming and H. Howard, editors. 5^th ed., 2000.

Rollo, Joe. Concrete Poetry. Concrete Architecture in Australia. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates Australia, 2004.

Scalbert, Irenee. “The Smithsons and the Economist Building Plaza” in Architecture is not made with the Brain. The Labour of Alison and Peter Smithson. Architectural Association, 2005, p,24.

Smithson, A.M. The Charged Void. Architecture. Alison and Peter Smithson. Monacelli Press, NY, 2001.

Smithson, Alison, and Peter Smithson. Without Rhetoric. An Architectural Aesthetic 1955-1972, Latimer New Dimensions, 1973.

van der Heuvel, Dirk. “Recolonising the Modern. Robin Hood Gardens today.” In Architecture is not made with the Brain. The Labour of Alison and Peter Smithson. Architectural Association, 2005.

World Atlas of Architecture. [translation of Le Grand Atlas de L’Architecture Mondial, 1984]. Crescent Books, 1984.

Buildings cited

·       Hale School Memorial Hall, Perth. 1961 Marshall Clifton and Tony Brand

·       Goldstein Hall residential college, UNSW. 1965, NSW Government Architect

·       Randwick Girls High School. 1966, NSW Government Architect

·       Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board building. 1966, McConnel, Smith and Johnson

·       Macquarie University Library. 1967, NSW Government Architect

·       Readers Digest Building. 1967, John James and Associates

·       Hornsby Technical College. 1968, NSW Department of Public Works

·       Associated Chambers of Manufactures of Australia building. 1968, Enrico Taglietti

·       William Balmain Teachers College (now UTS campus, Ku-ring-gai. 1971, NSW Government Architect

·       Macquarie University Student Union Building. 1970, Ancher, Mortlock, Murray and Woolley

·       Sydney Opera House interiors. 1973, Joern Utzon, Peter Hall

·       Dixon Library, University of New England. 1973, NSW Government Architect

·       Warringah Shire Council Civic Centre and Library. 1973, Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs

·       Masonic Centre. 1978, Joseland, Gilling and Associates with T.W. Hodgson and Sons

·       Sydney Police Centre. 1978, NSW Government Architect

·       National Gallery of Australia (1982) and National Gallery, Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs

Footnotes

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[1] “On Brutalism.” Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson. Without Rhetoric. An Architectural Aesthetic 1955-1972, Latimer New Dimensions, 1973, p.2, p.6.

[2] Irenee Scalbert, “The Smithsons and the Economist Building Plaza” in Architecture is not made with the Brain. The Labour of Alison and Peter Smithson. Architectural Association, 2005, p.24. See also Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson. Without Rhetoric. An Architectural Aesthetic 1955-1972, Latimer New Dimensions, 1973, p.6. “It is […] this respect for materials,” Alison Smithson writes,  “a realisation of the affinity which can be established between building and man, which was at the root of our way of seeing and thinking about things that we called ‘New Brutalism’.”

[3] Reyner Banham. “The New Brutalism.” Architectural Review, December, 1955, pps.355-361.

[4] Reyner Banham. “The New Brutalism.” Architectural Review, December, 1955, p.357. These issues are expanded in his 1966 book The New Brutalism. Architectural Press, 1966.

[5] Geoffrey London. “Brutalism.” The Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p.110.

[6] The notable exceptions were the dense Pythagorean maxims of Colin Madigan of Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs and the informal “Manifesto of Natural Materialism” developed by some of the architects in the NSW Government Architect’s office. For “Natural Materialism”, see Michael Bogle’s interview with Michael Dysart. 14 June 2011 (NSW AIA files).

[7] “Technical College.” Constructional Review, March, 1968, pps.14-17. The Government Architect’s office in the Dept of Public Works was the primary proponent of Brutalism in NSW.

[8] Harry Howard. “Landscaping of the High Court of Australia and the Australian National Gallery.”  Landscape Australia. 3/82, August, 1982, pps.208-215.

[9] “[The Smithsons’] Robin Hood Gardens [housing commission] went down in history as an utter failure. It was horrifically vandalised by its residents and it spelled the end of the designers’ international status as star architects. The Smithsons’ greatest mistake may have been their exaggerated and possibly naïve confidence in the capacity of architecture to provide a solution to social problems. “Dirk van der Heuvel. “Recolonising the Modern. Robin Hood Gardens today.” In Architecture is not made with the Brain. The Labour of Alison and Peter Smithson. Architectural Association, 2005, pps.32-37.

Review of architecture media. 1955-1987 “BRUTALISM” IN THE ARCHITECTURE MEDIA IN NEW SOUTH WALES."

Michael Bogle, 2^nd ed.  Revised 12 December 2011. Developed from photocopy file in AIA Offices, Sydney.

ASPECTS OF “BRUTALISM” IN THE ARCHITECTURE MEDIA IN NEW SOUTH WALES
DATE OF MEDIA	CLIENT	BLDG AND LOCATION	INNOVATION	ARCHITECTURE FIRM	DESIGNATED ARCHITECT	ENGINEER
1955	religious	St Bernards Catholic Church, Botany	Precast parabolic arches with hollow concrete beam infill	Curtin, Kevin J.	Curtin, Kevin J.	Crooks, Michelle and Peacock
1956	commercial	Exhibition Pavillion, France, Sydney Showgrounds	Precast brise-soleil over louvres	Trenchard, Smith, Maisey and Morgan	Not identified	H.R. Smith and Lacelles
1957	commercial	Hotel International, Potts Point	Lift slab	McDonald, Kenneth and Associates	Not identified	Not identified
1957	education	University of Technology, Kensington (UNSW), laboratory bldg	Precast floor units, aggregate concrete panel facade	NSW Govt Architect	Not identified	Not identified
1957	commercial	Amalgamated Printing Trades Employees Union	Precast concrete louvres (brise-soleil)	Seidler, Harry	Seidler, Harry	P.O. Miller
1957	religious	North Shore Hebrew Congregation	Precast wall panels with façade finish in terra-cotta chips in white cement, concrete grillwork (brise-soleil)	Oser, H.P. and Associates	Mugdan, R.F., as project associate	P.O. Miller and A.K. Milston
1957	commercial	Grace Bros., Parramatta	Concrete frame, floors, roofing slabs (monumental façade in Brutalist scale)	Bunning and Madden	Not identified	Crooks, Mitchell and Peacock
1957	commercial	Behr-Manning Australia, Lidcombe	Lift slab (described in Const. Rev., May 1957, pps.22-25 as “Australia’s First Lift Slab Bldg”.	Lement, Niblett and Daubney	Not identified	Woolacott, Hale and Bond
1957-1973	Opera house	Sydney Opera House interiors	Massive scale ribbed vaulting in public areas	Jorn Utzon	Jorn Jutzon, Hall, Todd and Littlemore	Ove Arup and Partners
1958	residential	Domed house at Pittwater	Fibreglass dome atop concrete and masonry circular forms	Muller, Peter	Muller, Peter	Not identified
1959	Local government	Civic Centre, Orange	Massive circular form for Council meeting chamber	Edwards, Madigan and Torzillo	Not identified	Not identified
1959	religious	St Margarets Hospital Chapel	Tilt-slab, precast concrete panels with white quartz decorative aggregate	NSW Dept of Public Works also identified as NSW Govt Architect	Browe, Burrows and Turner. NB: Const. Rev., April, 1959, p.37 states that bldg designed by NSW Govt Architect	P.O. Miller, Milston and Ferris
1959	religious	Methodist Church, Caringbah	Precast portal arches with brise-soleil façade to one side	Loder and Dunphy	Not identified	J.P. Hallett
1960	religious	Unidentified church, Gosford	Pleated precast panels on a single side of skillion-roofed church	Loder and Dunphy	Not identified	Not identified
1961	commercial	CIBA-Geigy office and warehouse, Lane Cove	Large scale barrel vault poured in formwork, white quartz surface on interior of vaults	Seidler, Harry	Seidler, Harry	P.O.Miller, Milston and Ferris
1961	commercial	Kalamazoo House, North Sydney	“torsion box” columns and twisted structure appearance, white marble plaster in white cement used on exterior face walls	Minnett, R.V., and Cullis-Hill, Petersen and Powell	Not identified	M.G. Bull
1963	Local government	Woollahra Council works depot, Double Bay	Folded (pleated) plate roof plan,	Not identified	Not identified	Not identified
1963	commercial	Abbott Laboratories, Kurnell	Decorative or sculptural bas-relief face panels	Stafford, Moore and Farrington	Not identified	Not identified
1963	commercial	Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Frenchs Forest	Decorative or sculptural bas-relief mural in concrete	Brown, Brewer and Gregory	Not identified	Not identified
1964	commercial	RSL Club, Granville	Concrete shell roof plan in massive scale, constructed in formwork	Fox, Frank R., and Associates (A.B. Snodgrass, Alan Gilbert, Ron Devine, Bert Read, Peter Compagnoni)	Not identified	P.O. Miller, Milston and Ferris
1965	residential	Port Hacking residence	Monumental cantilevered terrace/balcony, infill in besser blocks	Seidler, Harry, and Associates	Not identified	Miller, Milston and Ferris
1965	education	Goldstein Hall	Brutalist-scale and expressed structure	NSW Govt Architect	Not identified	Not identified
1966	NSW government	Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board	Brutalist-scale and expressed structure in 23+ storey bldg in precast façade panels with granite aggregate, “sun-visor” façade	McConnel, Smith and Johnson	Not identified	Woolacott, Hale, Bond and Corlett
1966	religious	Jewish Community Centre, Darlinghurst	Brutalist-scale sculptural  façade and expressed structure. Façade by Lyndon Dadswell	Epstein, H.	Not identified	Stanley, Llewellyn and Whitten
1966	education	Randwick Girls High School, Randwick	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure
1967	NSW government	Housing Commission Flats, Rosebery	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, off-form surfaces on exterior	Seidler, Harry, and Associates	Not identified	Miller, Milston and Ferris
1967	education	Macquarie University, library	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, smooth finish and off-form finishes, zone planning for site by Walter  Abraham	NSW Govt Architect	Hall, Peter [?]	Taylor-Thomson & Whiting
1967	education	Macquarie University, original teaching block/administration	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, smooth finish and off-form finishes, zone planning for site by Walter  Abraham	Stafford, Moore and Farrington		Woolacott, Hale, Bond and Carlett
1967	commercial	Readers Digest, Surry Hills	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, range of concrete finishes in interior and exterior incl. off-form, white cement, light sand on exterior	James, John, and Associates	James, John	Docker and Smith
1967	commercial	Dee Why RSL	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure combined with green concrete brick, pre-formed cellular concrete ceiling	Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Partners	Not identified	P.O.Miller, Milston and Ferris
1968	Local government	Bath pavilion, Balmoral Beach	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure	Woodward, Tarannto and Wallace	Not identified	F.S. Hespe
1968	education	Hornsby Technical College, Hornsby	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, off-form finishes mingled  with brown brick, cantilevered access balconies[1]	NSW Govt Architect	Collard, Clarke and Jackson identified as “joint architects”	Rankine and Hill
1968	residential	Harry and Penelope Seidler	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, off-form finishes, cantilevered balconies	Seidler, Harry and Penelope	Seidler, Harry and Penelope	P.O. Miller, Milston and Ferris
1968	commercial	Associated Chambers of Manufactures of Australia	Brutalism on a small scale, off-form concrete finishes mingled with brick, constructed below grade	Taglietti, Enrico	Taglietti, Enrico	K. Sellick and Associates
1970	Local government	Parking garage, Ultimo	Brutalist on an interior scale, waffle-slab with cells 15 inches deep, set on precast mushroom capital  columns	Not identified, perhaps not used.	Designed by engineers [?]	P.O. Miller, Millston and Ferris
1970	education	Macquarie University, Union Bldg	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, off-form finishes, cantilevered balconies, waffle-slab ceilings	Ancher, Mortlock, Murray and Woolley	Mortlock, Bryce and Ken Woolley “in collaboration”	Taylor, Thomson and Whitting
1970	NSW government	Wollongong Courthouse	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, off-form and bush-hammered finishes	NSW Govt Architect	Not identified	Not identified
1971	education	Wm Balmain Teachers College, Kuringai	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, off-form and bush-hammered finishes, brick masonry infill	NSW Govt Architect	Turner, David with Bruce Mackenzie and Associates, landscape architects	Taylor, Thomson and Whitting
1971	commercial	Commonwealth Bank Stores Bldg, Annandale	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, modified tilt-slab construction that splits the slab after it is mounted; exposing aggregate in ribbed pattern	Clarke, Gazzard	Not identified	Woolacott, Hale, Corlett and Jumkis
1971	education	Sir John Clancy Auditorium, UNSW	Brutalist-scale concrete in prismatic form, off-form finishes with smooth finished in interior	Fowell, Mansfield, Jarvis and Maclurcan	Holmwood, M.S.	Woolacott, Hale, Corlett and Jumkis
1972	education	Bankstown Technical College, Bankstown	Brutalist-scale concrete and expressed structure, masonry infill	NSW Govt Architect
1972	residential	Hugh Buhrich House Castlecrag	Off-form concrete, brutalist scale in selected elements	Hugh Buhrich
1972	Commonwealth Govt	Campbell Park Offices, Canberra	Brutalist scale, hammered nib finishes	Dept of Works, Canberra,	T.J. Hirsch and W. Adamson	Rankine & Hill
1972	education	Sir John Clancy Auditorium	Brutalist scale, prismatic form, off-form with delineated scoring from boards	Fowell, Mansfield, Jarvis and Maclurcan	O.R. Jarvis	Woolacott, Hale, Corlett and Jumikis
1973	education	Dixon Library, Univ of New England (UNE)	Brutalist scale, precast panels, projecting eaves over horizontal strip windows	NSW Govt Architect
1973	Local government	Civic Centre, Warringah Shire Council	Brutalist scale, precast concrete piers support, waffle-coffered slabs, bush-hammered, coarse aggregate finishes, massive internal ramps	Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs, landscape architect Bruce Mackenzie and Associates		Miller, Milston and Ferris
1973	commercial	Commercial Banking Centre, St Leonards,	Moderate scale concrete, light corrugations in precast panels, waffle-slab detailing, curvilinear geometry	Kerr and Smith		Morrison and Little
1973	education	Riverview, St Ignatius College	Brutalist scale, cantilevered external stairs, balconies, projecting eaves over windows, off-form concrete, precast	Fowell, Mansfield, Jarvis and Maclurcan		Cinquefoil Consulting Engineeers
1973	commercial	Harry Seidler and Associates office bldg	Urban scale, precast panels with on-site pour, off-form finishes, brise-soleil louvres, internal Nervi-designed ceiling beams
1973	education	Science Bldg, UNSW	Brutalist scale, precast concrete, off-form finishes, plaza furniture in concrete	Fowell, Mansfield, Jarvis and Maclurcan
1973	Local government	Civic Centre, Willoughby Council	Brutalist scale, monumental columns, precast concrete, sand-blast finish	Crooks, Mitchell, Peacock and Stewart		Crooks, Mitchell, Peacock and Stewart
1974	various	North Narrabeen school	Two large-scale shells adjoining	Dante Bini & NSW Govt Architect
1974	education	Sciences Bldg, UNSW	Brutalist scale, precast concrete, off-form finishes, plaza furniture in concrete	Fowell, Mansfield, Jarvis and Maclurcan		Woolacott, Hale, Corlett and Jumikis
1974	Commonwealth Govt	Campbell Park Offices, Canberra	Brutalist scale, hammered nib finishes with coarse aggregate	Dept of Works, Canberra,	T.J. Hirsch and W. Adamson	Rankine & Hill
1976	education	School of Music, Canberra	Brutalist scale, off-form finishes, floors in ribbed slab	Daryl Jackson, Evan Walker Architects	Bill Ryan and John Wilson	Irwin, Johnston and Partners
1976	commercial	Torin Corporation, Penrith	Brutalist scale in split-face concrete brick, sun-visors, abstract massing	Marcel Breuer and Herbet Beckhard, landscape architect Bruce Rickard	Marcel Breuer	Murray W. Low
1977	education	Woden TAFE, Woden, ACT	Brutalist scale, strongly expressed structure and articulated roof support system in concrete	John Andrews International		D.S. Thomas, Ove Arup and Partners
1977	education	William Balmain Teachers College, Lindfield (now UTS campus)	Brutalist scale, off-form concrete, strongly expressed geometric forms incl. multi-storey round tower	NSW Govt Architect	David Turner	Taylor, Thompson and Whitting
1978	Civic organisation	Masonic Centre, Sydney	Brutalist scale, off-form concrete with bush-hammering to selected areas, immense internal volume foyer (3 levels)	Joseland, Gilling and Associates with T.W. Hodgson and Sons		Rankine and Hill
1978	residential	Sirius, The Rocks, Sydney	Off-form concrete, coarse aggregate, but not Brutalist scale	Housing Commission of NSW	Tao Golfers
1978	NSW Police Centre	Sydney Police Centre, Surry Hills	Brutalist scale, expressed structure, range of concrete finishes	NSW Govt Architect	Richard Dinham	Not identified
1980	education	Alexander Mackie College, Oatley	Brutalist scale, use of brise-soleil, off-form finishes, ribbed slabs, multi-storey round stair tower	NSW Govt Architect, landscape architecture Bruce Mackenzie and Associates	Colin Still, project architect; Les Reedman, principal architect; with Rice and Daubney	Longworth and McKenzie
1980	Commonwealth government	Commonwealth High Court, Canberra	Brutalist scale, off-form finishes and other finishes used selctively	Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs	Chris Kringas, Feiko Bouman, Rod Lawrence, Michael Rolfe, Peter Simmonds	Miller, Milston and Ferris
1980	residential	Curry House, Bayview	Brutalist scale piers, beams and balustrades, sand-blasted finishes, combined with open plan	Bruce Rickard	Bruce Rickard	Maryon, Taylor, Brown
1981	education	Alexander Mackie College of Advanced Education, Oatley	Brutalist scale, off form and ribbed finishes, brise-soleil louvres, cantilevered internal stair	NSW Govt Architect	Colin Still, L. Reedman	B. Applebey
1982	Commonwealth government	National Gallery of Australia, Canberra	Brutalist scale, off-form and bush-hammered finishes, coarse aggregate, internal  and external ramps	Edwards, Madigan, Torzillo and Briggs	Colin Madigan	Miller, Milston and Ferris
1982	residential	Bland residence, Rose Bay	Massive supporting piers, cantilevered stair, split block internal finishes
1985	Commonwealth government	Parking garage, Cowper Wharf Road, Woolloomooloo	Massive scale with circular stair tower and vehicle ramps	John Andrews International		Ove Arup and Partners
1987	Commonwealth government	Natl Acoustics Lab and Ultrasonic Institute, Chatswood	Detailing of classic geometric solids, off-form concrete	Comm. Dept of Housing and Construction	Graham Nicholas, Tim Alexander, Paul Dunn, Stephen Frith, Joe Leung

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[1] “The natural finished of Hornsby Technical College were selected not because of any fashion for “Brut” concrete but because years of school and college maintenance has shown the Government Architect the value of upkeep-free materials.” “Technical College.” Constructional Review, March, 1968, pps.14-17.